Biomarkers & measurement
Ways to estimate biological age, resilience, function and intervention response.
Find the question you want to explore
Ask what a measurement actually predicts, in whom, and over what period. A change in a biological-age marker is not by itself proof of a longer or healthier life.
20 topic dossiers connect research, trials, universities, funding and patent activity. Coverage is still growing; numbers describe the indexed records, not all evidence worldwide.
Epigenetic clocks
Biological-age measurements based on DNA methylation and related signals.
Open evidence dossier →Biological age biomarkers
Composite measures of biological age beyond any single clock.
Open evidence dossier →Proteomic ageing
Protein signatures and proteomic clocks used to study biological ageing.
Open evidence dossier →Metabolomic ageing
Metabolite patterns, metabolic clocks, and ageing signatures.
Open evidence dossier →Transcriptomic ageing
Age-related gene-expression signatures and transcriptomic clocks.
Open evidence dossier →Single-cell ageing
Single-cell and spatial studies of cell populations across age.
Open evidence dossier →Multi-omics ageing
Integrated genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolic views.
Open evidence dossier →Digital biomarkers
Wearables, passive sensing, and digital measures of function and age.
Open evidence dossier →Immune-age biomarkers
Cellular and molecular measures intended to estimate immune-system ageing.
Open evidence dossier →Glycan clocks
Glycosylation patterns used to estimate biological age and health risk.
Open evidence dossier →Microbiome clocks
Microbial-community signatures developed to estimate age or ageing rate.
Open evidence dossier →Brain-age imaging
MRI and other imaging models that estimate brain age and age acceleration.
Open evidence dossier →Retinal age
Retinal imaging and eye-derived models of biological ageing and systemic risk.
Open evidence dossier →Organ-specific ageing clocks
Models estimating different biological ages for individual organs and systems.
Open evidence dossier →Telomere-length biomarkers
Telomere length as a measurement of ageing, risk and intervention response.
Open evidence dossier →Grip strength
Grip strength as a practical marker of function, frailty and mortality risk.
Open evidence dossier →Gait speed
Walking speed as a marker of mobility, resilience and later-life outcomes.
Open evidence dossier →Heart-rate variability
Autonomic function measured through HRV in ageing and resilience research.
Open evidence dossier →Inflammaging biomarkers
Circulating and cellular measures of chronic age-related inflammation.
Open evidence dossier →Homeostatic dysregulation
Composite physiological measures of declining regulation across bodily systems.
Open evidence dossier →